As I wrote last time, Jonathan Edwards spent an enormous amount of intellectual energy trying to tell the difference between genuine and counterfeit Christianity. In Marsden’s, An Infinite Fountain of Light, is a chapter, But How Do We Tell? The Signs of Rightly Ordered Loves. Marsden lists twelve “positive signs” of genuine faith (p. 109).

Edwards’s starting point, similar to Augustine, is “a ‘new sense’ of God’s love. (p. 112) That spills over, of course, into a new sense of love for God. The first three revolve around some aspect of love. I have found this such a helpful way to address my listeners. Often I will ask whether this instruction from Scripture makes us love God more. Keeping our affections front and center is a helpful antidote toward any tendency to engage in a more sterile or clinical kind of faith.

I found Edwards’s sixth sign extremely telling: humility (p. 117).

Marsden writes, “Edwards highlights humility as ‘a great and most essential thing in true religion.’ In that emphasis, he stands firmly in the Augustinian and Reformed tradition–and in fact in a note he quotes John Calvin, who in turn quotes Augustine, saying that if asked what was the first precept of the Christian religion, ‘I would answer, firstly, humility, secondly, and thirdly, and forever, humility.'” (p. 117).

Earlier Edwards points out that one of the primary character traits of hypocritical or nominal Christians “is that they are in love with their religious experience; they value it for what they get out of it.” (p. 118)

Of course, humility is tricky: “So Edwards says, ‘An infallible sign of spiritual pride is persons being apt to think highly of their humility.'” (p. 119)

Edwards’s other traits in the list of twelve make for interesting reading.

It’s a reminder to me that each Sunday, I am preaching God’s Word to a mixed crowd. Our preaching portions in Scripture will address various aspects of genuine, saving faith and its opposite. As you look for such things in your Text for this weekend, may our Lord receive “glory in the church and in Christ Jesus” (Ephesians 3:21).

Randal

I trust you experienced a rewarding Easter celebration with your faith-family. I know Michele and I did.

You may recall earlier posts containing excerpts from Marsden’s, An Infinite Fountain of Light: Jonathan Edwards for the Twenty-First Century. It’s amazing how current Edwards’s approach is even though his 18th century context and style of ministry is so different from ours.

One lasting effect of Edwards’s thinking and writing is his well-known, “A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections.” I first read it as part of my required reading in the mid- to late 80’s when I studied the church in America at Dallas Theological Seminary.

Marsden writes, “Edwards spent almost his whole life wrestling with the question of how to tell the difference between authentic Christian experience and its imitations: self-delusion and hypocrisy” (p. 104). He describes Edwards’s understanding of “affections” as,

“the sort of love for a person that brings joy unspeakable. True affections for Edwards include the joy and delight–at the heart of his theology–of experiencing the beauty of perfect love” (p. 106).

Okay, let me stop and say that my ministry for over 30 years has been in the context of two, Bible Church kind of churches. I half-jokingly say to our folks, “We’re a Bible Church which means we don’t feel anything.” It’s true; we don’t feel much and rarely do we let it show on our faces on a given Sunday morning. So, this makes it difficult to know if my listeners are experiencing authentic Christianity.

Edwards asked how we know the sheep from the goats.

He begins with indicators that don’t prove anything:

“high emotional experiences, preoccupation with religious things, readiness to quote Scripture, great self-confidence in one’s own spirituality, and other traits that can be found among hypocrites as well as among some genuine Christians” (p. 107).

As you can see, counterfeit Christianity exists. But Scriptures often provide ample opportunity for us to challenge the kind of faith our listeners have. One way is to continually ask if their faith-journey includes a dose of “joy and delight” and the “beauty of [God’s] perfect love.”

May our Lord receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21) as we address both sheep and goats each Sunday.

Randal

Most mornings I continue to read Jonathan Edwards’s sermons as part of my devotional life. Along the journey through his preaching–currently in the Yale volume covering 1730-1733–I read for homiletical insights with the goal of being a more effective exegete/theologian/preacher.

Almost every sermon helps me learn how to apply Scripture. Edwards was meticulous in his application.

In his sermon, The Duty of Self-Examination, from Haggai 1:5 (“Now therefore thus saith the Lord of hosts: Consider your ways.”), Edwards tells his listeners:

“We ought to consider which has the greatest influence upon us: our carnal appetites, or the promises and threatenings of God’s Word” (p. 486, vol. 10, Kimnach).

You’ll certainly want to explain “carnal appetites.” After you do, you have one half of an equation that affects our daily choices. The other half features two elements of sacred Scripture: promises and warnings.

Then, Edwards describes every moment of temptation:

“When there is set before us a self-denying, mortifying duty and a pleasant sin, for us to take our choice, the sinful pleasure and delight allures and entices on one side, and the favor of God and heaven invites on the other. Which do we choose, which has the greatest influence upon us…” (p. 486).

Your Scripture for this coming Sunday could have either direct or indirect reference to our “carnal appetites” or to “the promises and threatenings of God’s Word.” If so, then it’s a matter of identifying some specifics.

For instance, which element influences our thought life? What about the words we speak to each other?

And then, with typical Edward-like seriousness he states:

“Every man is in the way to heaven or the way to hell, and the way that we are now in, if pursued, will certainly bring us to one or the other of these” (p. 488).

And all that before the Application section of the sermon!

I hope that these excerpts from Edwards’s applicational angles helps you help your congregants put God’s Word into practice so that God continues to receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21).

Randal

If you have read some of my earlier material you know I learn a lot from the preaching of Jonathan Edwards. It’s because he thinks at a level I never will. But it’s also because, despite hundreds of years separating us, our ministry contexts are similar.

Marsden makes this clear in, An Infinite Fountain of Light, and the chapter, Edwards and the Churches That Whitefield Built.

That shared context began with the likes of George Whitefield. Marsden reminds us, “The evangelists who succeed best are those who can attract the largest audiences. Think Billy Graham, for instance. This, plus the “populist-based versions” (p. 99) of the Gospel meant that churches were attended by those who professed faith in Christ, but who may not be genuinely saved.

Marsden writes, “Edwards spent almost his whole life wrestling with the question of how to tell the difference between authentic Christian experience and its imitations: self-delusion and hypocrisy.” (p. 104)

[If you haven’t read it, you might consider Edwards’s, A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections.]

I will go further in to this next time, but for now I wanted to ask you to consider your ministry context.

One of the scariest things I heard as a young pastor-in-training was something Chuck Swindoll said about his ministry in Fullerton, CA. I will never forget him saying that the longer he pastored, the more he believed that less and less of his people were saved.

It’s probably a good idea for you and me to keep this in mind as we preach and teach God’s Word. You may have noticed how much Scripture challenges the reader to make their calling and election sure (to quote from one place). One of my personal goals is to preach in such a way that there are no surprises at the Judgment for my faith-family.

May our Lord received glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21) as you follow Edwards’s example of making sure your listeners know that their faith is genuine.

Randal

One of the unexpected takeaways from Marsden’s, An Infinite Fountain of Light: Jonathan Edwards for the Twenty-First Century, is to learn some of the traits or tendencies in 18th century evangelicalism that affects our pastoral ministry and preaching.

The first two are big ones:

(1) “distrust of established institutional authority and

(2) increasing trust in individual experience.” (p. 82)

You and I continue to preach in this context. It’s an uphill, yet winnable situation as God gives ears to hear. Part of making it winnable is you and I being aware of these tendencies and being able to address them when appropriate in our preaching portions.

An interesting factoid is that George Whitefield and John Wesley contributed to this! Marsden writes, “Both were ordained Anglicans, but each effectively ignored most formal church authority” (p. 83).

Marsden goes on to add other tendencies that continue to plague us:

“to favor strong, inspiring, individual leadership over institutional tradition [later Marsden called it, “the rise of celebrity culture”, p. 89], to divide over differing doctrines and practices, and to grow through splitting” (p. 83).

The first tendency is something that we and our leadership must keep in mind. We do need to lead from the pulpit and part of that leadership involves championing the local church.

The second tendency requires an all-out effort “to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace” (Ephesians 4:3). We need wisdom to proclaim doctrine humbly and to shut down unbiblical divisiveness.

What scared me the most through those pages was thinking of how great preachers like W&W can contribute to negative elements in the church. God help us!

I find it helpful to have this kind of information in my mind as I think about the challenges of preaching. May our Lord receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21) as you minister in this context which began in the 18th century.

Randal

“The Dynamic Beauty of God” is the title of Marsden’s chapter 3 in, An Infinite Fountain of Light: Jonathan Edwards for the Twenty-First Century.

I am suggesting you might consider making God’s beauty foundational for all kinds of sermon applications. This means, of course, preaching Scripture that, either in the text or immediate context, contains an element of God’s beauty, explicitly or implicitly.

[For a second, think about the last few sermons or lessons you’ve taught and the kind of application you developed and communicated.]

In, Religious Affections, Edwards wrote,

“God is God, and to be chiefly distinguished from all other beings, and exalted about them, chiefly by his divine beauty” (p. 64 in Marsden).

And of all the things that make God beautiful, nothing, according to Edwards is more beautiful about God than His love. Marsden summarizes Edwards, “God has created the universe in order to share the Trinity’s love with other persons who are capable of meaningful love” (p. 64) That includes our listeners who have ears to hear.

Edwards would tell us preachers to urge our folks to see God in all His beauty and respond appropriately with worship. Marsden writes that when God’s beauty is “at the center of reality…recognizing it will spark joy and delight” (p. 64). He summarizes with: “The primary purpose for which the mighty God has created this universe, then, is so that creatures might live in the infinite pleasure of the joy of God’s love” (p. 65). In my setting, I have to lead the way to this worship by smiling at my congregants as a result of my own joy and pleasure of knowing God as most beautiful.

So, Marsden and Edwards have helped me think about the wisdom of making sure that, with all our attempts to apply life to Scripture, we should urge our folks to respond to the dynamic beauty of God. May our Lord receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21) as we encourage that most-appropriate worship response.

Randal

In Marsden’s, An Infinite Fountain of Light: Jonathan Edwards for the 21st Century, he records a lengthy paragraph Edwards wrote to Lady Mary Pepperell in 1751. The excerpt provides an example of how Edwards preached Christ. Marsden writes that Pepperell had recently lost her only son and Edwards wrote to console her:

“[Christ suffered, that we might be delivered. His soul was exceedingly sorrowful even unto death, to take away the sting of sorrow and that we might have everlasting consolation. He was oppressed and afflicted, that we might be supported. He was overwhelmed in the darkness of death and hell, that we might have the light of life. He was cast into the furnace of God’s wrath, that we might swim in the rivers of pleasure. His heart was overwhelmed in a flood of sorrow and anguish, that our hearts might be filled and overwhelmed with a flood of eternal joy.” (p. 55)

This pattern, “He was…that we might…,” might help you form your own Christ-centered seconds near the end of your sermons as you move from the wording of the Text to the cross, urge faith, and then urge love and obedience from the Text.

If you’ve read some of my earlier posts on Christ-centered preaching, you can see how easy it is to move from statements like Edwards’s above to asking our listeners…

“Do you believe this good news about the Lord Jesus Christ?”

My goal on Sunday is to move from the biblical text/preaching portion to the Gospel from the specific wording of the preaching portion. [Edwards’s excerpt is missing any biblical text.] Then, the announcement of the Gospel leads to a faith-first application. I want to give everyone an opportunity to affirm their faith in the Gospel. Then, after urging faith–at this point non-Christians in attendance overhearing worship could believe–I can move to the primary application in the preaching portion.

May our Lord receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21) as we continue to preach Christ each Sunday.

Randal

P.S. Blessed Christmas and New Year!

In my last post I began summarizing some of the things I’m learning from Marsden’s, An Infinite Fountain of Light. In the book he highlights a number of ways in which Jonathan Edwards is relevant for our day. Much of Edwards’s enduring value stems from the similarities between our listeners and those in the eighteenth century.

Here are some excerpts that help us know what is in the air we breathe:

“the autonomous individual is the fundamental unity of society” (p. 33). Which explains why it is very difficult to get a local church to think about community or to even think that the church is important enough to commit to.

“the God within” (p. 33). Virtually everyone in our society has been trained to think that listening to their own voice or following their own heart is the way to success. Each weekend you and I give them another word, a Word from God that is outside of themselves.

“the privatization of meaning” (p. 33). This is a spinoff from the one above. People in our day are ditching parents or a close knit group of neighbors or spiritual community and opting to discover their own meaning. Again, on Sundays we confront them with God’s Word and His meaning, but it’s not easy because deep down they believe they are the final authority on meaning.

That’s only three of them, but they are big ones that we face. What’s fascinating is to read how all this started with someone like Benjamin Franklin (remember, he and Edwards are contemporaries). Marsden points out one huge difference between their society and ours: they believed that there was some kind of transcendent basis for their values; our society does not.

This kind of analysis reminds me that when I am preaching, listeners are hearing God’s Word in the context of their cultural values. These attitudes always affect the way people interact with God’s revelation. As you head into this Christmas week and prepare to teach and preach on Christmas Eve, keep this in mind. See if your Scripture speaks directly to these attitudes and may our Lord receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21).

Randal

Over my recent vacation I was able to order a few new books and finished George Marsden’s, An Infinite Fountain of Light: Jonathan Edwards for the Twenty-First Century. If you’ve been reading my blog for a while you know how much I love reading Edwards. Marsden’s book offers something unique: a look at the abiding influence of Edwards because of how similar today’s mindset is to Edwards’s. I didn’t expect that. I certainly didn’t expect that the similarity is due to the influence of Ben Franklin’s thinking.

I read this kind of material to continue learning about the kinds of listeners I preach to (and the kind of man I am). When we preach God’s Word, what kinds of influences affect the way we fight for faith and righteousness?

How about this list?

• ever-increasing technology
• aggressive market capitalism
• celebration of self
• trying to balance liberty and equality
• materialism
• permissive sensuality
• nationalism

Sound familiar?

If you enjoy history, you’ll appreciate Marsden’s work on Edwards and Franklin. If you enjoy thinking about preaching to your listeners, you’ll benefit from keeping these cultural characteristics in mind. They influence all of us; they’re in the air we breathe. And Marsden suggests that all of this 18th century “semi-Christian or cultural Protestant” outlook continues today.

If he’s correct, this means that many of our listeners each Sunday believe in God but are most concerned with their own personal flourishing.

And if you have teenagers in your church, here’s their “most typical religious outlook…even those who had been reared in traditionalist Christian churches… ‘moralistic therapeutic deism.’ They tended to believe that there was a benevolent , mostly distant God who wanted people to be good and who might be called on in times of sickness or crisis for help and comfort. At the same time they believed in developing one’s now self-identity.” (p. 26, Marsden quoting Christian Smith’s, Soul Searching: The Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers)

May our Lord receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21) as you and I continue to exegete our listeners while expositing sacred Scripture.

Randal

One of the things I’ve benefited from by reading Edwards’s early sermons is his emphasis on application. If you read his sermons you’ll see a balanced presentation of deep theology and practical exhortation.

In his sermon, The Way of Holiness, on Isaiah 35:8 (“And an highway shall be there, and a way, and it shall be called the way of holiness; the unclean shall not pass over it.”), Edwards concludes with an application section containing three elements. Here are the first two:

1. By inference, Edwards reasons, “how many poor creatures are there that think they are in the way to heaven who are not?” (p. 476). I will never forget hearing veteran pastor, Chuck Swindoll, announce that the longer he pastored his church, the more he felt that less of his parishioners were saved.
2. If this verse is true, then it is critical that his listeners “examine [them]selves by this doctrine to see whereabouts [they] are, and see whether or no [they] are in the way to heaven…” (p. 477). Under this point, Edwards exhorted: “Meditate on the holiness of God, and see if you cannot see a conformity, a likeness in your mind….It is not supposed that ever any copy comes near to this original, nor ever will; but yet they may perceive whether the same spirit, the same temper and disposition, in a lesser degree be in them, that was manifested by the life and conversation of Jesus Christ.” (p. 477)

Notice that Isaiah only presents stated reality. Edwards teaches by example that our job is to move from stated reality to the application inferred by that reality.

If you read this before tomorrow (Sunday), or early next week, see if your Scripture contains a stated reality that requires the same hermeneutical/homiletical move as Edwards.

And our Lord will receive glory in the church and in Christ Jesus (Ephesians 3:21),

Randal